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Vasculitis is a word used to describe various diseases causing inflammation of the blood vessels. This page from Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) explains about vasculitis, what causes it and how it can be treated.
Blood is carried around the body in tubes or vessels; these are different in size and have different names. There are arteries (which carry blood away from the heart), veins (which carry blood to the heart) and capillaries (tiny blood vessels) through which the blood travels to all tissues and organs.
When a small blood vessel becomes inflamed, it can break and bleed into the surrounding tissue, causing small red or purple dots on the skin. If a larger blood vessel becomes inflamed, it may swell to produce a lump that you can feel under the skin.
The inside of the blood vessel may also narrow, which reduces the amount of blood able to flow through it or it may become blocked by a blood clot. If the blood flow through the blood vessels is reduced or stops, the tissue may begin to die.
On rare occasions, vasculitis may cause the wall of a blood vessel to weaken and develop a bulge (aneurysm) that can rupture and bleed.
There are many types of vasculitis and they are usually defined by the size of the blood vessels which are involved.
- Small vessel – usually involves the skin such as Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
- Small artery – includes Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), Churg-Strauss syndrome
- Medium artery – includes Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki disease
- Large artery – includes Takayasu’s arteritis
Some types of vasculitis affect mainly the skin and others can affect internal organs with more serious complications. There are other forms of vasculitis where it is not clear into which category they fit, but these are very rare in children and will be recognised by specialised children’s doctors. Some types of vasculitis which mainly affect older patients are not described on this page.
What are the symptoms of vasculitis?
The symptoms of vasculitis depend on which organs are affected. In most cases, children have other symptoms of general illness, including fatigue, fever, weight loss and aches and pains all over. The symptoms associated with some types of vasculitis are described below.
Skin (most common symptom)
Red or purple pinprick spots called ‘petechiae’ or if they are larger (about the size of your fingertip) they are called ‘purpura’, but others can occur including itching, hives (nettle rash) or wheals on the skin, and painful lumps
Kidneys
Kidney damage which shows up as high blood pressure or blood and protein in the urine
Eyes
Blood vessels in the back of the eye (retina) can be affected, which can lead to blurring or reduction in sight
Major organs of the body
These can be affected by a reduction in blood flow to them causing pain and sometimes damage to the organ
How is vasculitis diagnosed?
Vasculitis can be difficult to diagnose and may have many symptoms that can look very similar to those of other diseases. This may mean it takes a while to achieve a clear diagnosis.
As the disease can affect various parts of the body, a multidisciplinary approach is often needed with input from several different doctors in GOSH.
In some cases, the doctors can only decide on a diagnosis once other conditions have been ruled out and after several specific tests or investigations have been performed such as those below.
- Blood tests to show if the blood vessels are inflamed. They can be an indicator of inflammation in the body and to help monitor other organ function/damage
- Urine tests to look for any kidney disease
- X-rays and scans to confirm any organ or bone problems
- Biopsies (small samples of tissue) from the skin/muscle or kidneys to confirm their involvement
- Angiogram to show the arteries up around major organs, such as the heart and look for changes, by injecting a dye into them
What causes vasculitis?
We cannot say for certain what causes vasculitis to develop. The most likely reason is that the white blood cells attack healthy cells instead of foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses; we are unsure why this happens. It may also be related to other autoimmune disorders like arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
How is vasculitis treated?
Many types, especially Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, do not need treatment. The more severe and uncommon cases of vasculitis will require quite strong treatment with different medicines.
| Medication | How is it given | Side effects |
|---|---|---|
| Corticosteroids reduce inflammation and dampens down the immune system | High doses of methylprednisolone given via a drip in ‘pulses’ or blocks of treatment and/or as prednisolone tablets given daily |
|
| Methotrexate is a disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug that reduces symptoms and inflammation | Orally by tablet/syrup or by subcutaneous injection given weekly |
|
| Cyclophosphamide dampens down the immune system | By drip in hospital from fortnightly to three-monthly |
|
| Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) dampens down the immune system | Orally twice a day on an empty stomach Doses will be increased slowly |
|
| Azathioprine is used to maintain improvement | Orally once daily |
|
There are newer, even more powerful medicines under trial, which, if needed, will be fully explained to you.
What is the outlook for people with vasculitis?
There is a range of possible outcomes depending on the severity of the disease and how much damage is already there in vital organs such as the kidneys. Many children will respond well to the medicines and not have further relapses. Others will have a more chronic, relapsing course and require long-term maintenance on medications.
Compiled by:
The Vasculitis team in collaboration with the Child and Family Information Group.
Last review date:
May 2020
Ref:
2020F0616