Primary school children

Some children may think that coming into hospital or having painful procedures is a punishment for misbehaving. They are afraid of pain and damage to their bodies. Honest explanations, using appropriate language, about tests, operations or procedures are important. Younger children learn best through play, pictures and models instead of spoken words.

Older children also worry about losing control. They need clear information to help them understand what is happening.

You must be open with them - don't say something won't hurt if it probably will.

It can also help to understand the location and function of different parts of the body. Basic anatomy books for children and young people (particularly those published by Dorling Kindersley) are useful.

Explain your child's role during the procedure, for instance, rolling into a ball for a lumbar puncture or staying very still for an x-ray.